Schlafly’s Opinion on School to Work Programs

On September 4, 1997, Phyllis Schlafly wrote an article titled â€Å"School-to-Work Will Train, Not Educate. † The article discusses the cons of the school-to-work program and that states that it is portrayed as a â€Å"cradle to the grave. † The article says that the school-to-work program will train and not educate. Schlafly is the president of the Eagle Forum, a organization that stands for the fundamental right of parents to guide the education of their own children, thinks that â€Å"school-to-work is a direct threat to the individual student, his or her privacy, his or her goals and his or her acquisition of an education that can help him reach them. Schlafly†s opinion wrong and will not pass in today†s society. In Schlafly†s criticism, she states that the school-to-work program â€Å"deemphasizes or eliminates academic work and substitutes mandated vocational training to better serve the workforce. † She also says that â€Å"instead of the focus being on developing the child, the focus is on developing a labor force. † Schlafly thinks that school-to-work is training rather then education. In contrast to Schlafly, Olson says that school-to-work give students â€Å"motivation† which will help students because students in today†s society are not motivated enough. Surveys prove that students describe education as â€Å"boring. † Schlafly believes that the STW law stating that vocational training starts â€Å"at the earliest possible age†¦ † is wrong. The reason is that she believes that elementary or middle school children do not know what career they want to fulfill. The last point in Schlafly†s article is she states that â€Å"big businesses support school-to-work because they think that vocational courses in high school for illiterate or semi-illiterate students will train young Americans to compete in the global economy with people in the third world willing to work for 25 and 50 cents an hour. She is basically saying that big businesses are supporting school-to-work because they want some cheap labor. In conclusion to her article, Schlafly says that â€Å"all those who value freedom must defeat and defund school-to-work. † She thinks that school-to-work is oppressing the students from their freedom to learn and receive a good education. Schlafly†s article says that Marc Tucker†s plan for school-to-work is to â€Å"train children in specific jobs to serve the workforce and the global economy instead of educate them so they can make their own life choices. She also says that it is designed on the â€Å"German system. † Where did she get the idea that school-to-work is based on the â€Å"German system? † She does not know what she is talking about and the information she is spreading is invalid. She also states that the program is to â€Å"train† children but she also does not give the option of training and educating together. Olson shows how training and education goes together by showing kids why they have to learn and by creating a desire to learn. Schlafly is absolutely wrong about â€Å"training children. † Beginning school-to-work at the earliest age possible does not mean that elementary and middle school students are going to choose their lifetime career. Giving the children vocational training will give them an option in what they want to do in the future. Children will see if they like the field of training and study and decide whether or not they want to pursue that vocation in the future. In comparison to what Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work activities can provide choices and opportunities for young people, many of whom are not now well served y our education system. Schlafly says that â€Å"big businesses support school-to-work† because it will provide them with cheap labor. Where did Schlafly get this information? Throughout the whole article there is no proof of justifying this idea. She also mentions that governors support the program because â€Å"it gives them control of a pot of money for which they don†t have to account to the state legislature. † This statement also lacks evidence and cannot be used to prove that the program is a failure. School-to-work is not for businesses or governors, but rather for the children themselves and their goals for their future. Like Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work can encourage young people to pursue education and training beyond high school. † Is Schlafly criticism valid at all? Absolutely not, she bases her information on nothing, such as the â€Å"German system. † Schlafly proved that school-to-work is training for a lifetime career but this argument is wrong because training can also be compatible with education. Big businesses and governors may support school-to-work for cheap labor and for the money but there is no proof and even if there was any proof not all businesses and governors would think that way. Until Schlafly gives some proof to her information and can prove that training and education are not compatible, she is not to be taken seriously. School-to-work is a very good idea and to agreement with Olson, â€Å"done right school-to-work can be a powerful tool in the effort to achieve higher academic standards and a more educated citizenry.

The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives

As the number of users, young or old people round the world grows; It Is Important to know the causes that have made Faceable so phenomenon In our lives. Among the various ways by which FEB.. Has come to possess our lives, we are going to talk about relationship, business and online gaming. First, Faceable Is so popular because It Is an excellent way to establish friendship and create a friends' circle around the world. It is not only used to create relationship, but it allows people or friends to stay in communication.With its features like instant online chat and now Video calling, Faceable makes friendship more interesting at no cost all. In addition to its great benefit, Faceable is a platform where we can create, personalize and manage our own profile. FEB.. Has improved the way society communicate by dismantling the barrier and creating an environment of openness (Fletcher Dan and Andrea Ford, 1). We can share any event of our life by posting pictures, comments, and video. Face able also gives us the chance to react to the post of friends by commenting the posted event.As a social website, it is a best way to retrieve old friends seen longtime ago. FEB.. Is a space which allows us to keep in touch with our friends and family members no matter the distance (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). For example a family member travels to another place where it is difficult to coordinate the difference of time, therefore, it is hard to have phone conversation or text. Nowadays Faceable gives us the chance to stay in touch. With the development of internet, electronics devices like smartness and tablets, we can share and report our feelings, our life's event at any time and from any part of the world.Another way Faceable boosts relationship is for example when students create a group for studying purpose. Through this link, students can stay connected ND share any information on their project, home works, weekly assignments, exams and due date. Next, FEB.. Is not on ly used to create relationship, but people can also use It to do business. Business may enjoy Faceable for many reasons . Small or big business can lower marketing expenses by using FEB.. Pages and also allow people to upload pictures, video and leave comments from business.This may be a powerful way to communicate with customers, Glenn the chance to see the product or service expectations without having to vaults the office. Also the function â€Å"share or tag† can be used to promote business around the world (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob. AU/ page, and then invite friends or existent customers to share or tag it. Each shared image will appear on a Faceable members' pages where their friends can see it too. By the end of posting day, the image or picture can be seen five hundred to thousand times.Faceable is a base of customers of more than one thousand millions around the world. Business activities which were extremely expensive prior Faceable, can be used on Faceable f or free or at least for a small contribution. Faceable page is a space where any business can publicize their name, address and contact details, and rotary their products and services. Business organizations can present their staff, history, or any other aspect of their activities that can attract other Faceable users and create interest (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob/business).Finally, Faceable is becoming one of the most enamored platform for online gaming. It is an amazing website that provides an exciting and stimulating platform of online free games for its members 24 hours a day. Play online games with friends, share scores and sometimes give points to rescue them is one of the interesting thing that Faceable offers to its members. Nowadays, Feb.. Online gaming has surprisingly exploded. The number of players grows at the same rate as the Faceable users' number. Some people only login in Faceable to play games and spend times.The users who play games monthly on faceable. Com are up to 250 million (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). The success of Faceable game application makes games developers to link their product to Faceable. To emphasize online social interactions with others players, Faceable tends to focus games (Breed Conrad, maw. ‘. Addiction. Ca). Among Faceable games, some games like Yoga's Diamond Dash, Pet Saga Rescue, Zingy, city Vile are most attractive. For example in â€Å"October 2013, members were directed to Diamond Dash app over 19 million times† (Mike Thompson, www insignificance. Mom). In conclusion, Faceable is a mean used by any type of people from anywhere in the world. Feb.. Gives us a chance to do many interesting things like creating relationship, doing business and having fun by playing games as well. Even if FEB.. Has dismantled any culture barriers, it is important to underline that Faceable has possessed our lives. Today, many people cannot spend an entire day without logging in FEB.. . The question is how to use Faceable without making us dumber or addicts. Brent Conrad. â€Å"Why is Faceable so Addictive?

Proposing a Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposing a Solution - Essay Example obe, with regard to the production of energy, its use as well as energy policies, are crucial determinants of sustainability of the present and future ecosystems and resources on the surface of the earth. Fracking presents a potential danger to the integrity of groundwater and ecosystem. The chemicals used in the fluid used for fracturing have the propensity to leak and contaminate groundwater. Besides, it has been pointed out by critics that fracking uses enormous amount of freshwater, which poses a big threat to the availability of freshwater for human consumption. The United States remains at a quagmire owing to the fact that natural gas is a crucial energy source in the country. This paper explores possible solutions to fracking, which is a threat to ecosystem and groundwater. Fracking also known as hydraulic fracturing refers to is used to extract natural gas from rocks by pumping pressurized chemical-laced water into a well to shatter the rocks. Critics assert that the consequences of Fracking (Hydraulic fracturing) far much outweigh its benefits. Fracking does not only produce natural gas, which is hazardous in terms of global warming, but also its environmental impacts raise eyebrows. It also imposes negative social impacts on the society. Fracking contributes to air pollution, water contamination as well as wastage (The Center for Media and Democracy). Fracking can weaken the ground and make it susceptible to earthquakes. This is a health hazard that must be well taken care of in order to prevent potential risks that come with drilling too many holes in an area. Fracking is a common practice in the oil and gas industry in the United States. In Texas alone, â€Å"though the total number of wells drilled for oil & gas may well top 20,000 over the next few years† (Wittmeyer Para 10). Fracking comes with both positive and negative impacts. From one point, it is considered crucial for the growth of economy. Drilling industry is perceived as one of the main

Tech Data Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tech Data - Case Study Example This report seeks to review a company by focusing on various aspects involved in the year 2002 is important in that make it rather easier to understand the running of the company both now and on earlier days. 1. Current Situation A. Current Performance 1. 5 percent drop in net sales to 50% from 2001 to the beginning of 2002 2. Approximately 8000 associates in the United States and Canada 3. 227 in share amounts around the year 2002. B. Strategic Posture 1. Mission â€Å"To be the IT distributor of choice for our customers and business partners, thus enabling our shareholders to prosper† (Jameson, 2011). 2. Objectives Strive to achieve the continued balance in sales and improve the quality of the services and the goods that it goes through To offer innovative technology in every mission that the company seeks to undertake and achieve the number one company in the segment while at it Provision of a safe and habitable working environment for the employees in an effort to increase their working morale eventually achieving higher success for the company The company aims at increasing the market share in Canada by having a return in sales of around 5%, assets in around 7% and 15% in Equity. Moreover, the company aims at increasing the market base in Canada to level with some states in the United States 3. ... Board of Directors 1. 21 members in the board with 4 of them being from outside. 2. Well suited and Older generation men in this section 3. Is it time to have a change in terms of the age? B. Top Management 1. Top managers from different parts of the world 2. Experienced and Outspoken members in the corporate field. 3. Takers of risk in the Organization 3. External Environment (EFAS Table) A. Natural Environment 1. Lack of rain affects the levels of the water in hydroelectric dams that produce electricity used to charge gadgets. 2. Radiation induced problems such as cancer increasing from the use of these gadgets (Karami, 2010) B. Societal Environment 1. Economic 1. Growing economy from urbanization 2. Technological 1. Increased levels of awareness among the people 2. Counterfeit forms of the products hitting the market 3. Political-Legal 1. High tariffs induced by the government 4. Socio-cultural 1. Ignorance is one part that affects the distribution of the products as some people t end to oppose change however important it may be. 2. Career mobility requirements make it rather difficult to have a stable work. 5. Task Environment 1. Very high competitive market provided the different companies that come with the jobs. 2. Globalization as the company spreads to other countries 3. Acquisitions and Mergers from the different types of changes the company makes during expansion. 4. High number of rivals in the market 5. Low purchase power due to widespread of technology products. 6. Few customers in their Canadian branches from ignorance 4. Internal Environment (IFAS Table) A. Corporate Structure 1. Both divisional and united structure where

Humans versus Nature-- which selects better for human survival, from a Essay - 3

Humans versus Nature-- which selects better for human survival, from a biological point of view - Essay Example All through the peoples lives, their genomes cooperate with their surroundings to cause varieties in attributes. Nature of a genome incorporates the atomic science in the cell, different cells, different people, populaces, species, and in addition the abiotic environment. Individuals with specific variations of the attribute may survive and duplicate more than people with other, less fruitful, variations. In this way the populace advances as the components that influence conceptive achievement are additionally imperative, an issue that Charles Darwin grew in his thoughts on sexual choice. Characteristic determination follows up on the phenotype, or the recognizable attributes of an organic entity, yet the hereditary (heritable) premise of any phenotype that gives a regenerative point of interest may get to be more normal in a populace (see allele recurrence). In the long run, this procedure can bring about populaces that practice for specific natural specialties and may in the end bring about the development of new species. At the end of the day, characteristic determination is a vital methodology (however not by any means the only process) by which advancement happens inside a populace of life forms (Wilson). Common determination can be diverged from counterfeit choice, in which people purposefully pick particular characteristics (in spite of the fact that they may not generally get what they need). In natural selection there is no deliberate decision as such, counterfeit determination is teleological and characteristic choice is not teleological. Natural selection is one of the foundations of present day science and the term was presented by Darwin in his persuasive 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was portrayed as comparable to manufactured choice, a procedure by which creatures and plants with qualities

Advantages of Distributed Operating Systems Assignment

Advantages of Distributed Operating Systems - Assignment Example For instance, the design of distributed systems is such that a malicious program can easily be replicated across a large number of machines, and this can result in major damage (Moffett, 2004). To this extent, although distributed operating systems might attempt to enhance high reliability through fault tolerance, it is however clear that fault tolerance is hard to achieve. Secondly, the distributed operating systems are designed with the aim of enhancing performance. Evidence however shows that this is particularly a challenging concept since as these systems attempt to enhance performance; they actually end up conflicting with other properties, especially the reliability and security of the system. For example, in Amoeba distributed operating system, there are many applications that are replicated, an example being the databases (Tanenbaum, et al, 1990). These replications help this operating system to support fault tolerance, there enhancing its performance and reliability. However, it should be noted that as the software and hardware components are increased to enhance fault tolerance, this may end up negatively affecting the security and overall performance of the system. Third, there is evidence to show that indeed distributed operating systems helps to enhance communication. In many of these systems, communication is mainly through messages. This allows for communication in distributed operating system easy and efficient. In many cases, the communication needs in distributed operating systems are of the request/response type (Mullender, 1988). This allows for message passing to be embedded in protocols for the remote operations. In this case, a process sends a request to another process and the request is carried out and the response returned to the initial process. Through such a mechanism, the communication process in a distributed

Explain and demonstrate how capital transactions are accounted for in Essay - 1

Explain and demonstrate how capital transactions are accounted for in a partnership - Essay Example These two categories majorly differ in the rights they bestow upon their owners. Common stock is simply the partial ownership of company where an investor buys stocks traded by the company through public offer. Investors may trade these stocks amongst themselves on the secondary market. The primary goal of buying these stocks is to earn dividends should the company make profit. Every common stock is a representation of a certain proportion of ownership in a company. for example if a company has 500,000 shares of common stock and an investor owns 5 of them, then we can say that he or she owns 5/500,000th of the company and same percentage of profit share. Preferred stock just like common stock represents partial ownership in a company. However, preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy other privileges like the voting rights. In this category investors are paid a fixed dividend not based on the number of shares owned. However the company may fail to pay dividends due to the financial challenge. In such cases, dividends of the preferred shareholders are always paid off first before common shareholders. Investors whether common or preferred have the ownership right of the company. A stockholder has a say in the running of the company. The most significant thing about stocks is that it is a high return investment. Stocks whether preferred or common have better return. Both kinds of stock pay dividends. Stocks generally can be a kind of dangerous investment. This is true for both preferred and common stock. Investors can lose all the money if the company runs at a significant loss. One major difference between common stock and the preferred stock is that shareholders with common stock are paid dividends proportional to the number of stock owned by an individual. However preferred stock shareholders are paid fixed dividend. It is beneficial to own preferred stock. This is because as a

Public and Private Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public and Private Culture - Essay Example There is a great danger of limiting one self to the boundaries of home just like a caterpillar in a cocoon for the rest of its life. The world is a garden of different flowers with various colors, aroma, beauty, and form that needs to tread and the school is just one among the many forms that we dip our feet into. One gets educated not to stay home and encapsulate himself/herself to the four corners of knowledge rather, a person moves out of the home, from the school, educated and fully equipped to conquer the world not with guns and wars but with the knowledge and skills to a better today. It should be an educated college student’s goal to be propelled to the world outside the home, family or culture where there is much to be discovered and even more to be had. Miss Moore’s effort in â€Å"The Lesson† to draw the children from their little world to go out and look at the big picture is highly commendable especially with her effort to bring them out from their li mited knowledge as their poverty allows them to have. There is a lot to learn and so many times, one is not fully equipped with the needed knowledge and skill to perform well in the society like Miss Moore despite the education that she claimed. Understanding the many facets of society by considering different cultures as well as the different roles of every individual gives a better view and comprehension of one’s rights as well as responsibilities.It is quite impossible to separate private from public culture just as it is difficult to separate public from private life.

Contact Lens clinical case report (postgraduate Optometry studies) Essay - 1

Contact Lens clinical case report (postgraduate Optometry studies) - Essay Example Subsequently, another pair of lenses was required and he was doing well. His mother has taken the commitment for lens insertion at night before sleeping, removal at morning and proper cleaning and storage. Boston cleaner was used for cleaning, saline for rinsing and Boston advance conditioning solution for storing. This is one of the after care visits. The patient comes with his mother and states no complaints. His mother informs the optometrist that the entire family is going to spend the next two months overseas and the departure date is during this week. Unaided visual acuity was R: 6/6-, L: 6/7.5, while unaided binocular vision was 6/6-. Over refraction was R: -0.25 DS (VA 6/6) and L: -1.25 DS (VA 6/6). When the lens measurements are taken, it is revealed that lenses have been interchanged and the patient has been wearing incorrect lenses for the last six months. This explains the difference in unaided visual acuity between the eyes and the lack of correction in left eye. Slit lamp evaluation shows a Dystrophy like change in the cornea, more significant on the right eye with no limbal injection. Its location is in mid periphery corneal stroma extending from 9 to 4 o’clock in the right eye and from 10 to 2 o’clock on the left. Anterior segment images of OCT show white opacity in anterior stroma. The patient needs to discontinue wearing OK lens for the next period because of the dystrophy change noted in the cornea. Besides, it will be difficult to monitor the corneal change since the patient will be spending holidays overseas. Therefore, the patient has been advised to cease wearing lenses and using disposable contact lenses until regression of OK treatment occurs. The powers of daily contact lenses, to be worn in the same order for both eyes, are as follows: -0.75 DS, -1.25 Ds, -2.00 DS, -2.50 DS, -3.00 DS. In addition, the patient has been provided a pair of -3.50 DS monthly contact lenses to be worn on a daily basis, besides his

John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill Essay â€Å"Actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† John Stuart Mill utilitarianism, 1863 Utilitarians founder Jeremy Bentham has a famous formulation that is know as the â€Å"greatest-happiness principle†. The definition of this is â€Å"the ethical principle that an action is right in so far as it promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number of those affected†. Central Beliefs: There are seven thoughts guiding them. These are 1.They want to think about the future 2.They want to leave the part of land they live on the same or even better than before 3. They want a better world where everyone is happy and think if themselves on how to make themselves happy and also how to make other people happy 4.They want right and wrong to be a bit easier. They do not want list to rule their lives. They say that if the Ten Commandments should only be obeyed if it increases their happiness and if they don’t they will not obey them 5.They do not want to talk to much about whether certain prefences are better than others eg. Opera vs. mud wrestling, or homosexuality vs. heterosexuality. 6.They will think of their own happiness, but other people’s happiness counts greatly. They would sacrifice their own happiness if they have to make someone else happy. 7.Do not limit their thinking to human ‘people’. Seek for a happier world where the satisfied preferences of humans and animals are maximised. â€Å"Utilitarianism is a way of facing moral issues without God† Gene Edward Veith, JNR. â€Å"Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t† Aldous Huxley Objections that has being raised. Which have Christian roots 1.Utilitarianism can be unjust 2.Can be irresponsible 3.Can miscalculate 4.Can become shortsighted 5.Can lose their ‘integrity’ 6.Can be self-deceiving 7.Consequentialism destroys trust 8.Can be cruel and empty Consequentialism is rejected outright. These limits include such things as: 1.Christian Fellowships must not be damage (1 Corinthians 3:16-17) 2. Certain lifestyles are always wrong (1 Corinthians 6:9-10,18) 3.Sneaky methods of evangelism are unacceptable (2 Corinthians 4:2,6:3) 4.Worship of false gods is never an option (1 Corinthians 10:14; 2 Corinthians 6:16) 5.Truth must never be violated (2 Corinthians 13:8) ‘Utilitarianism is a teleological or consequentialist moral theory, holding that rightness of actions is a function of the consequences, â€Å" the greatest good for the greatest number.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ There are many types of utilitarianism here are some 1.Hedonistic- â€Å"advocating the maximization of pleasure and avoidance of pain.† 2.G.E Moore’s agathistic utilitarianism, ‘promoting but refusing to anyalyze â€Å"the good† 3.Eudaimonistic utilitarianism, â€Å"maximizing happiness.† 4.Rule utilitarianism â€Å"concerns itself with general moral rules that you should follow when making decisions.† 5.Act utilitarianism or Case utilitarianism, â€Å"requires each case to be taken individually and appropriate calculations made for each one of them.† 6.Two-level utilitarianism, â€Å"Level one is using Rule Utilitarianism (based on our intuitions) because it is efficient (in both time and effect). Level two however is using Act Utilitarianism when a situation requires more thought and more critical reflection.† Their have a calculus in order to objectively calculate the more moral action in a given situation. The calculus requires you to calculate and rank the following 7 criteria out of a maximum value 1.Intensity – â€Å"how much happiness will result out of the action.† 2.Certainty – â€Å"what is the likelihood that the pleasure will actually arise.† 3.Duration – â€Å"how long will the pleasure last for.† 4.Purity – â€Å"what is the probability that any resulting pain will lead to more pain?† 5. Extent – â€Å"how many people will the pleasure affect?† 6. Fecundity – â€Å"what is the probability that any resulting pleasure will lead to even more pleasure?† 7.Propinquity – â€Å"how far off is the pleasure?† [6. and 7. were added by later philosophers]

Impacts Of Mass Tourism On Ecotourism Sites

Impacts Of Mass Tourism On Ecotourism Sites soft ecotourism often occurs on a large scale within certain accessible areas leading to the observation that ecotourism can and often does occur as a form of mass tourism (Weaver and Lawton, 200: 362). Critically evaluate, using examples, the social, economic and environmental impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism sites. From my studies and research in this subject area of geography it is evident that there is a link and indeed a relationship between ecotourism and mass tourism. In order to understand this relationship however we must take into account what exactly tourism means, and subsequently what is meant by ecotourism and mass tourism. What essentially is tourism? Undoubtedly there are many varying definitions to describe tourism but essentially tourism . . . is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs (Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall 1982, p.1) Tourism is unquestionably a leisure activity and there are many various forms of tourism including; Cultural tourism. Sex tourism. Adventure tourism. Geotourism. Event tourism. The tourism sector has experienced significant increase in later years due to higher incomes and greater transport amenities and accessibility. According to the Central Statistics Office Ireland website, www.cso.ie the number of trips by Irish residents on domestic travel has increased from 7,001 in 2004 to 8,340 in 2009.  [1]  The increase or enhancement of tourism within certain areas has varying impacts, both positive and negative, on the economic, social and environmental aspects. Ecotourism or ecological tourism essentially refers to travel to an area possessing natural, physical or cultural beauty for example rivers, beaches, mountains and wildlife ecosystems. The main purpose associated with this form of tourism is to maintain, protect and respect the value of the area. According to Mike J. Stabler et al, ecotourism refers to . . . a sustainable, non-invasive form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on learning about nature first-hand and which is ethically managed to be low impact, non-consumptive and locally orientated (control, benefits and scale). It typically occurs in natural areas, and should contribute to the conservation of such areas. (Mike J. Stabler et al, 2010, p.360). Ecotourism incorporates a wide range of activities from visits to natural ecosystems for example the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, physical activities such as mountain climbing and visits to see wildlife animals for example gorillas which I will discuss later in thi s essay. There are two main types of ecotourism; soft ecotourism and hard ecotourism. Soft ecotourism is generally the more popular form of ecotourism and usually involves short-term experiences which are nature led by a tour guide and in which the individual returns to a facilitated area. Due to the popularity of soft ecotourism it is more likely that mass tourism could develop as a result. Hard tourism on the other hand refers to the individual involving themselves in an intense experience devoid of amenities like accommodation, restaurants and shops for example The Hollies Centre in County Cork. Mass tourism can be quite difficult to determine as there are no insights as to how many tourists would classify as mass tourism. However it fundamentally refers to large scale tourism where there is a great or large amount of tourists in a given area at any one time. Mass tourism has come to the fore due to higher incomes and accessibility as previously mentioned and in addition to these the introduction of package deals has also played a vital part in this form of tourism. It is essential to note that there is a relationship between these two forms of tourism and one can influence the other hugely. Throughout this essay I will discuss the impacts, socially, economically and environmentally of mass tourism on ecotourism sites with reference to various examples. By controlling and managing potential mass tourism on an ecotourism site the negative social and environmental impacts are significantly reduced, ensuring the overall preservation and conservation of the site. Rwanda is a small country which is located in central Africa and is famous for its beautiful geographical scenery such as the scenic beaches at Lake Kivu and its vast series of mountains. In addition to the beautiful scenery, it also boasts an abundance of wildlife including various species of birds and the rare mountain gorillas. (Figure 1) Rwanda is known worldwide for these mountain gorillas and this undoubtedly is a main attraction for tourists. According to the Rwanda Tourism website, www.rwandatourism.com, the number of visitors in Rwanda increased from 826,374 in 2007 to approximately one million in 2008.  [2]  In addition to this gorilla tourism in Rwanda has grown significantly and reached a peak in 2008 when 17,000 tourists were recorded visiting the Volcanoes Nat ional Park alone (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.2.), with peak season being the months of July and August. Although the increase in Rwandas tourists would not be classified as mass tourism on a global scale, it is essential to note that this increase has had significant impacts in Rwanda. The Volcanoes National Park is located in northern Rwanda and lies on the border of Virunga National Park in the Congo and the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda. The Volcanoes National Park enables tourists to experience the extraordinary gorillas up close. The level of tourism certainly has impacts on the ecotourism site socially, economically and environmentally. The local community in Rwanda has experienced both positive and negative impacts as a result of the increase in tourism. In relation to social impacts Rwanda has undoubtedly benefited. The income received in the country as a direct result of tourists in the park has meant that the local communities have socially grown. Under the ORTNP and with the support of the government, a tourism revenue scheme was initiated in 2005, meaning that 5% of revenue from park fees goes towards supporting local communities and projects. The following are examples of projects undertaken in Rwanda as a result of the revenue scheme; Schools; the construction of ten schools within the locality has dramatically cut down on travel time for locals to school. This enables pupils to focus on their studies, thus improving the quality of education in the area. Water Tanks; over 5,000 families within the locality have benefited from the construction of water tanks which provide 20,000 litres of water per person per day. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.11) The Rwandan community possesses a rich cultural society which is present in their arts and crafts for example woven baskets, pottery and painting. Tourist expenditure on such cultural crafts shows interest in local traditions and rituals and ensures the native culture survives amongst the varying cultures of tourists. Environmental impacts are a considerably important feature when referring to gorilla tourism in Rwanda. Due to the fact that these mountain gorillas are rare and endangered species conservation and protection of these animals is a priority. One can argue that tourism itself can have a detrimental impact on the animals and this undoubtedly is a fair argument. Gorilla tourism can and does present a threat to gorilla conservation as tourists can put stress and disturbance upon the gorillas. This can adversely affect the behaviour and health of the gorillas. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.16) Evidentially these factors could be responsible for a decline in populatio n size. However, as people in Rwanda have realised the potential danger, they are now managing mass tourism in the following ways in order to conserve the eco-site; Anyone who wishes to take part and experience closer contact with the gorilla species must purchase a permit which is expensive and limited. Tourists are willing to pay high prices for these permits and this essentially means that tourists are aware of and are supporting the ecotourism code of minimising ecological impacts. In addition to the high cost of permits and as briefly mentioned earlier, the revenue scheme means that 5% of this money is fundamentally re-invested back into the conservation and protection of the national parks. A set of rules and regulations have been introduced which prohibit risk to the gorillas. These rules are enforced by staff employed within the park. The following are some examples of rules and regulations enforced; Tourists have to keep a distance of 7 meters between themselves and gorillas. There is a daily limit of one group of tourists per group of gorillas, a limit to the number of tourists within that group and they are required to remain together. Visits are to have a limited time span of one hour. Minimum age requirement of 15. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.4) If we are to imagine this ecotourism site without any means of managing tourist numbers what would be the impacts environmentally? Undoubtedly the gorilla species in the Volcano National Park would become extinct. The population of the gorilla has already decreased in recent years and there is no question that extensive large scale tourism (larger than what Rwanda is currently experiencing) would decrease it even more. In terms of economic impacts with reference to tourism in Rwanda we can see that tourism is acting as an economic asset to the local communities. Employment in gorilla tourism is very significant and at least 180 employment opportunities have been created within the park including tour guides, anti-poaching teams and gorilla groups trackers. (Neilsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010, p.12) Benidorm is a coastal town situated in the province of Alicante in Spain. It is home to beautiful sandy beaches which attract numerous tourists every year. Originally prior to the 1960s it was a small village where farming and fishing were the main sources of income. During this time period Benidorm experienced little or no tourism.   Since then however Benidorm has developed tremendously and attracts as much as ten million tourists per year. As a result of this dramatic change the lives of the local people and indeed the landscape have changed dramatically. Tourists are attracted to Benidorm due to easy accessibility, cheap package deals, abundance of accommodation, the beautiful sandy beaches, nightlife and golf courses. The town of Benidorm developed rapidly in order to cater for this large scale tourism and this development has had social, economic and environmental impacts as a result. The construction of tourism related infrastructure has negative environmental impacts in the vicinity of Benidorm. Over consumption, over development, pollution and artificial reconstruction are amongst these negative impacts. Many high rise hotels were constructed in order to cater and maximise tourism within the town which immediately diminishes the beauty of the town and decreases attractiveness.   Pollution is an ongoing problem in the area. Tourism leads to extreme litter and extreme pressure on sewerage systems. Cheaper package deals have led to an increased level of air travel, thus increasing the levels of nitrous oxide, hydrocarbon and lead in the air. Over consumption of natural resources for example water is another negative impact of tourism in Benidorm in the past with tourists exploiting the resource in hotels and swimming pools. Reconstruction of beaches, and production of golf courses decreases originality, portrays a modern town and drains images of the picturesque fishing village that was once there. (Figure 2) According to an article on the BBC news website however, www.bbc.co.uk/news/ , Benidorm is now highlighted as the new face of ecotourism. The author describes the recent environmental positive impacts which were acknowledged and have occurred as a result of the initial negative impacts of mass tourism. In one hotel the lights immediately turn off upon vaca ting the room and many of the taps are foot-pump operated in order to save water which in turn tackles the overconsumption of the natural resource. In addition low energy street lighting is used. In relation to the economy of Benidorm there are both positive and negative impacts. The tourism industry is worth an impressive amount to the economy and is a vital asset in terms of job creation. The restaurants, pubs, hotels and shops employ a large amount of people from Benidorm and the surrounding areas which would perhaps be unemployed if it was not for high tourism levels. The majority of food is locally sourced which essentially means that money earned by local businesses is essentially going back into the local economy. However tourism in this town has negative impacts also. Many of the hotels in Benidorm are chain hotels and are foreign owned. This acts as a drain on the local economy as money leaves the country. The cost of living increased as a result of mass tourism with prices of houses and goods and services putting pressure on the locals. Socially, the huge numbers of tourists visiting Benidorm has resulted in a wide range of cultures which can have has both positive and negative effects. The wide multicultural society as a result of mass tourism indeed positive yet this can have strongly influence negative impacts. It can simply drown out the Spanish culture of the town and with such a diversity of cultures anti-social behaviour has occurred and remains a possibility when misunderstandings or insulting of different cultures occurs. In addition to this mass tourism can have adverse impacts socially for the locals. Mass tourism has led to a rise in inappropriate behaviour with tourists engaging in such activities as drug use and excessive drinking. Tourism also interrupts local access to amenities such as shops, roads, public parks and sporting facilities as well as public transport. From the examples I have discussed throughout this essay it is evident that there is indeed a relationship between the two forms of tourism- ecotourism and mass tourism. In relation to my two examples, gorilla tourism in Rwanda, Africa and tourism in Benidorm, Spain, it is essential to note that I took two different approaches in terms of discussing them. When referring to ecotourism in Africa, I discussed the impacts that managing tourist numbers has had on the ecotourism site. It is evident from this example that ensuring the impacts of tourism numbers on this destination are monitored and managed is vital for sustainable tourism industry. Without the management gorilla numbers would decrease and would eventually become extinct. Therefore the ecotourism site would not be viewed as a must-go destination and tourism would possibly cease. With specific reference to the tourist destination of Benidorm in Spain, I discussed the impacts which mass tourism had initially created on the are a. In contrast to this, in more recent years I have given an insight to how Benidorm has evolved from an area of mass tourism to an area portraying potential eco-touristic qualities. Tourism management in a destination that is in line with local communities preserves and enhances the environment and protects its wildlife, while providing a more authentic tourist experience and eliminating the negative social and environmental impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism site.

A Feminist Perspective of John Updikes A&P :: A&P Essays

A Feminist Perspective of Updike’s A&P Two Works Cited John Updike’s story, "A&P," starts off: "In walks three girls in nothing but bathing suits," and that pretty much sums it all up (Updike 1026). In the story, not only are the girls in bathing suits looked upon as sex objects, but other women are negatively viewed as witches, farm animals, or slaves. This story is about how a young man in the early 1960’s viewed women as a whole, including his own mother. At the beginning of the story Sammy complains about an older woman, a fifty-year-old "witch" with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, who is waiting to check out her groceries. She gets annoyed with Sammy because he is too busy drooling over the young flesh which has just walked in the door (Updike 1026). The first half-naked girl who walks into the A&P and catches Sammy’s eye is a chunky girl with a two-piece plaid bathing suit on that showed off her "sweet broad soft-looking can" (Updike l026). As if staring at this girl’s backside wasn’t enough, Sammy also noticed "those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit" (Updike 1026). How would this girl feel if she knew just how intensely this guy was scoping her out? Or better yet, how would you feel if someone’s eyes were glued to your backside when you were grocery shopping? That behavior, no matter what she was wearing, is totally unacceptable especially in a grocery store. Is Sammy at fault for not having any self control? It might be acceptable for this nineteen-year-old guy to check out a girl in her bathing suit; however, that would not have excused old McMahon, the deli guy, who patted his mouth and "sized up their joints" as the girls walked away from the counter (Updike 1027). "Goony-Goony," the next victim of Sammy’s intentional harassment, was presented in the story as a rather tall girl with "black hair that hadn’t quite frizzed right" for Sammy’s taste (Updike 1026). He found some reason not to be interested in this girl, probably because he was intimidated by her height. Obviously, perfection was not something he saw in anyone, except maybe the girl he referred to as "Queenie," who Sammy says, "has the nicest two scoops of vanilla breasts" he has ever seen (Updike 1028).

War in Iraq Essay -- Operation Iraqi Freedom

The war against Iraq began on March 20, 2002, when the U.S lunched â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†. This was after President Bush called Iraq part of an â€Å"axis of evil†, also calling the country dangerous which is threatening U.S with the world’s most destructive weapons. The major phase of the war began when U.S troops marched within 50 miles of Baghdad with heavy aerial attacks on Baghdad and other cities. After the attack on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon which was believed to be the work of Al Qaeda, U.S was concerned about the security of the Untied States which lead to the war in Iraq. Even though U.S officials felt the war in Iraq is the main priority, but many people in U.S opposes the war which brings up a lot of controversial issues. Some people feel that lives of troops are put on risk for unnecessary reason, and people are also concerned about the innocent civilians getting killed in Iraq. Also billions of tax payer’s dollars are spent on the war which could be used for other major issues within our country such as poverty, education and security. I feel that declaring war with Iraq was unnecessary and that there are many other ways to resolve this conflict. As the war progressed many people were questioning President Bush’s decision to declare war in Iraq because U.S intelligence believes Iraq has weapons of mass distraction, I never agreed with the decision, and I always felt that the money and the effort should be used to catch Osama Bin Laden, who was the man, ...

Heart of Darkness Significance Essay

1971. The significance of a title such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is so easy to discover. However, in other works (for example, Measure for Measure) the full significance of the title becomes apparent to the reader only gradually. Choose two works and show how the significance of their respective titles is developed through the authors’ use of devices such as contrast, repetition, allusion, and point of view. 1976. The conflict created when the will of an individual opposes the will of the majority is the recurring theme of many novels, plays, and essays. Select the work of an essayist who is in opposition to his or her society; or from a work of recognized literary merit, select a fictional character who is in opposition to his or her society. In a critical essay, analyze the conflict and discuss the moral and ethical implications for both the individual and the society. Do not summarize the plot or action of the work you choose. 1991. Many plays and novels use contrasting places (for example, two countries, two cities or towns, two houses, or the land and the sea) to represent opposed forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of the work. Choose a novel or play that contrasts two such places. Write an essay explaining how the places differ, what each place represents, and how their contrast contributes to the meaning of the work. 1994. In some works of literature, a character who appears briefly, or does not appear at all, is a significant presence. Choose a novel or play of literary merit and write an essay in which you show how such a character functions in the work. You may wish to discuss how the character affects action, theme, or the development of other characters. Avoid plot summary. 1996. The British novelist Fay Weldon offers this observation about happy endings. â€Å"The writers, I do believe, who get the best and most lasting response from their readers are the writers who offer a happy ending through moral development. By a happy ending, I do not mean mere fortunate events — a marriage or a last minute rescue from death — but some kind of spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation, even with the self, even at death.† Choose a novel or play that has the kind of ending Weldon describes. In a well-written essay, identify the â€Å"spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation† evident in the ending and explain its significance in the work as a whole. 1999. The eighteenth-century British novelist Laurence Sterne wrote, â€Å"No body, but he who has felt it, can conceive what a plaguing thing it is to have a man’s mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, both obstinately pulling in a contrary direction at the same time.† From a novel or play choose a character (not necessarily the protagonist) whose mind is pulled in conflicting directions by two compelling desires, ambitions, obligations, or influences. Then, in a well-organized essay, identify each of the two conflicting forces and explain how this conflict with one character illuminates the meaning of the work as a whole. You may use one of the novels or plays listed below or another novel or work of similar literary quality. 2000. Many works of literature not readily identified with the mystery or detective story genre nonetheless involve the investigation of a mystery. In these works, the solution to the mystery may be less important than the knowledge gained in the process of its investigation. Choose a novel or play in which one or more of the characters confront a mystery. Then write an essay in which you identify the mystery and explain how the investigation illuminates the meaning of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. 2001. One definition of madness is â€Å"mental delusion or the eccentric behavior arising from it.† But Emily Dickinson wrote Much madness is divinest Sense- To a discerning Eye- Novelists and playwrights have often seen madness with a â€Å"discerning Eye.† Select a novel or play in which a character’s apparent madness or irrational behavior plays an important role. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain what this delusion or eccentric behavior consists of and how it might be judged reasonable. Explain the significance of the â€Å"madness† to the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. 2002. Morally ambiguous characters — characters whose behavior discourages readers from identifying them as purely evil or purely good — are at the heart of many works of literature. Choose a novel or play in which a morally ambiguous character plays a pivotal role. Then write an essay in which you explain how the character can be viewed as morally ambiguous and why his or her moral ambiguity is significant to the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. 2002, Form B. Often in literature, a character’s succ ess in achieving goals depends on keeping a secret and divulging it only at the right moment, if at all. Choose a novel or play of literary merit that requires a character to keep a secret. In a well-organized essay, briefly explain the necessity for secrecy and how the character’s choice to reveal or keep the secret affects the plot and contributes to the meaning of the work as a whole. You may select a work from the list below, or you may choose another work of recognized literary merit suitable to the topic. Do NOT write about a short story, poem, or film. 2003. According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them, great trees more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divisive lightning.† Select a novel or play in which a tragic figure functions as an instrument of the suffering of others. Then write an essay in which you explain how the suffering brought upon others by that figure contributes to the tragic vision of the work as a whole. 2003, Form B. Novels and plays often depict characters caught between colliding cultures — national, regional, ethnic, religious, institutional. Such collisions can call a character’s sense of identity into question. Select a novel or play in which a character responds to such a cultural collison. Then write a well-organized essay in which you describe the character’s response and explain its relevance to the work as a whole. 2004. Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel, or play, and, considering Barthes’ observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. 2004, Form B. The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in which a death or deaths take place. Choose a novel or play and write a well-organized essay in which you show how a specific death scene helps to illuminate the meaning of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary.

Case Study Toys

Principal of Management Case Study: Toys Galore The Case Toys Galore is a major manufacturer of toys which faces uncertainty about demand for its toys during the Christmas season. If there is a high demand for toys, and if Toys Galore: * Is fully able to meet this demand, then it makes additional revenue of $4m. * Is partly able to meet this demand, then it makes additional revenue of $3m * Is able only to supply at a low level, then it makes no additional revenue. If, however, there is low demand, then it makes no additional revenue.In July, Toys Galore has the option of expanding production. An expansion will cost $2m. If it expands in July, then it will be fully able to meet a high demand at Christmas. If it decides not to expand production in July, then it has another chance to expand in October. An expansion in October also costs $2m, but this late expansion does not leave the company sufficient time to fully meet high demand at Christmas; it can only partly meet any high demand . In October, however, the ABS announces the latest national income figures.Past experience suggests that income figures are high half the time and low half the time. Past experience also suggests that if there is a high national income figure, then there is a 80% probability of high demand, and if a low national income figure, a 80% probability of low demand for toys at Christmas. To summarize: by expanding production in July, Toys Galore is able to fully meet high demand for Christmas toys, if that occurs. By waiting until October, however, it can make the expansion decision on the basis of better information about Christmas demand. Abstract:In the above case study we see that the management of Toy Galore, a major manufacturer of toys faces uncertainty or a dilemma as how to cope up with the demand / supply and at the same time keep an eye on the expected revenues generated for/during the Christmas season. Moreover the company has to choose whether if they want to expand their pro duction during the month of July or October with low and high risk associated with the respective months. Factors affecting our decision: Before going on and making the decision the company has to look into the following important factors ) Calculated Risk Vs Returns: As mentioned in the case as there are many options that the company can opt for but all the options are to be looked in to with respect to the Risk associated with them and The Revenues / Returns generated with each of the option. Options of both expanding and Producing in the month of July or October to meet the Christmas Demand for toys and also the uncertainty or speculation that the income pattern might as well change which may / can affect the sales and the demand for the Toys produced. ) Certainty vs. uncertainty: As seen in the case study there is uncertainty that the demand of the toys may increase or decrease based on the historical trends and income patterns. Assuming that the production meets full demand the n the company makes maximum revenues i. e. Rise in the income results in the rise of the Demand, Rise in the Demand results in the rise of the Production and the Supply thus, Resulting in the Rise in Revenues. But one cannot ignore the uncertainty factor associated and present in the market environment.If the Income decreases then the whole scenario changes i. e. Decrease in the Income results in the decrease in Demand and supply, thus low revenues. 3) Market Competitors: Knowing that we are the major producer and Manufacturer of toys, we still can’t ignore the competition that exists or is entering the market. Any opportunity lost can prove to be a big opportunity for the competitors in the market. Suggestions with Reasoning: Based on the above factors I would advise the Toy Galore to; Invest and expand their production as it will not only help them in the short run but also in the long Run. Taking the decision to expand its production capacity doesn’t only means that it now has the capacity to produce more now and also in the long run but it also conveys a message of stability, strength and overall market dominance to our competitors * Start the production early i. e. in July and incase of any uncertainty or unforeseen event there should always be a backup plan or a contingency. * Play safe.There is a likelihood that revenues may increase more in October but again there is an old saying â€Å"Sometimes your best investments are the ones you don't make. † So I will advise the management to start production early in July. * Keeping the ABS reports at hand in case the income and the demand decrease during the Christmas season (keeping both directly proportional) resulting in low sales or stock pileup , we always have the option of after Christmas sales, which not only attract more buyers due to more discounts and decrease in the prices but also boost the revenues i. . ^Revenue = v Price * ^quantity. * Those who forget or ignore the past are doomed to repeat it. Market Speculations play an important role while making any managerial decision. The Company instead of ignoring the signs and news prevailing in the market should keep a close eye on the market, Historic Trends and keep in touch with the Statistical and Financial sectors so to keep on collecting the latest facts and figures which will always be helpful when it comes to making important decisions.

Government cut-backs

High youth unemployment and cutbacks in government funding for post-secondary education are the new realities confronting students. The implications for most working and middle class students are either to abandon education altogether and to accept a future of McJobs and unemployment, or to be saddled with a lifetime of debt. Since the end of WW II, science and technology have been playing a dramatically increased role in the process of capitalist production in Canada. As a result, there has been an increase in the demand for a more highly educated labour force. For example, between 1971 and 1986, jobs primarily concerned with the creation and utilization of data and technical knowledge have represented two-thirds of net job growth. This has led to a rapid expansion in school enrolment. Between 1951 and 1993, the number of full-time post-secondary students has increased over tenfold, growing from 91,000 to almost 1 million. However, accompanying the scientific and technological revolution, is a tremendous growth in productivity that has led to higher levels of unemployment. Between 1980 and 1993, youth unemployment increased from 12% to 17.5, leaving many with no other alternative but to remain in or return to school. Since 1984-85, tuition fees have more than doubled across Canada, pushing more students into the labour market in search of income. While in 1980, 31% of full-time students, aged 15-24, held jobs during the school year; by 1989, this number had reached 41%. This worsening economic situation has also seriously interfered with the studies of college and university full-time students, as almost a third of them were forced to work 20 or more hours per week during the school year. Another reflection of the economic hardship of students is their growing debt burden. In 1984, 114,000 Ontario students received around $4000 million in student aid, by 1993-94, as tuition continued to increase, about 180,000 students (representing almost half of full-time students) took out over $1 billion in loans. The average value of loans in 1994-95 was around $6800. By 1998, the federal government is scheduled to eliminate a total of $7 billion in transfer payments to the provinces for medicare, social assistance, and post-secondary education. The expected effect on Ontario university students is a doubling of their tuition. But this is only the tip of the iceberg. Ontario's education minister, John Snobelen, has already made clear his government's intention to move toward a â€Å"market-based tuition fee†. If both levels of government abandon their financial support for Ontario universities, tuition will reach minimum levels of $7500-$8000. To counter the danger of a dramatic growth in defaults as it increases tuition fees, the federal government has transferred liability for student loans to the private banks. While increasing the role of the private banks in the short term, these changes set the pace for the full privatization of the student loan system. Another plan, currently under discussion, proposes collecting the loan repayments through the taxation system, i.e., Revenue Canada, through an Income Contingent Loan Repayment Plan (ICLRP). If the direction of government â€Å"reforms† is not reversed, it is only a matter of time before students who are at a high risk of unemployment (disproportionately women) or who are expected to have a low income after graduation (again disproportionately women) are refused access to loans, while most of the rest are burdened with a lifetime of debt. But the class nature of the privatization process has already become apparent. For 1995-96, the demand for first-year places is down by 5% in Ontario–20% in some faculties–leading many schools to turn toward recruiting drives and to lowering their admission requirements. Evidently, higher tuition is an obstacle for better qualified, poorer students, while offering an opening to less qualified, richer students. Cut the deficit by taxing the big corporations By focusing attention on expenditure reduction, the big corporations and the right-wing aim to deflect attention from the cause of the national debt: the decreasing tax revenues from corporations, which have declined from 20% of total federal revenues to only 7% in the last 20 years. Canada continues to have one of the lowest corporate tax rates in the industrialized world. Even the same level of corporate taxation as in the U.S. would provide an additional $9 billion a year–more than enough to cover all the cuts in social spending scheduled by the federal government. The ongoing cutbacks to education follow more than a decade of political and financial pressures promoted by federal and provincial governments in relation to social spending in general. Indeed, the education crisis cannot be separated from the overall crisis of the capitalist economy in Canada. The critical challenge before us today is to bring together all the social elements that are hurt by the implementation of the big corporate agenda: to build wide coalitions of youth and students, workers, women, seniors, environmentalists, peace groups, farmers, aboriginal people, immigrants, and many others–in support of a genuine â€Å"People's Alternative† program. This program would provide for decent wages, stronger public health and child cares systems, job creation programs, while restoring and increasing public funding for education. Reversing the current cut-backs and building the people's alternative depend on escalating the student protests. As a first step, we must build strong grassroots organizations on campuses which can ensure wide student involvement in the mobilizations. Students and working people have fought a long battle to win the right to higher education, health care, UI, and other social programs. Today, we have to build the fightback against those who are bent on destroying our social programs and our right to a quality, accessible education.

Importance of Grades in School

Lauren Klein Mrs. Imani Stephen ENG 1101 23 October 2012 The Importance of Grades in School Alfie Kohn explains in his article, From Degrading to De-grading, that traditional letter/number grades are a waste of time. Kohn believes teachers wrongly relish the moments they get to assign a student a grade. His opinion of the best teacher is the one that despises the grade book and wonders about the thought of giving grades at all. Alfie Kohn provides many reasons supporting his beliefs. For example, grades reduce the student’s interest to learn the material and reduce their preference for a challenge.When grades are in the picture, the student’s quality of thinking is diminished. It is also argued that grades are unreliable, not valid, and have the ability to distort the curriculum. He believes grades waste time that could be spent on learning more material and concepts. Students are also more susceptible to cheating if they feel the pressure to have good grades. Lastly, t he student’s relationship with the teacher and other students could be negatively affected by the stress of grades (Kohn). However, traditional grading is essential to track the student’s progress, give them a sense of competition, and be accepted into colleges.Kohn goes on to point out common objections to the no-grades system. Schools are afraid of the major changes that would be required to implement the unheard of policy (Kohn). The article points out that grades could encourage cheating. Students feel pressure to get good grades and in return cheat on homework and tests to uphold that expectation. Also, the amount of time that teachers spend on grading and the time that students spend on stressing about grades, could be spent on learning more information. Kohn mentions the problem of laziness and the attitude of doing just enough to get an â€Å"A. He blames this problem on the presence of grades, but laziness is actually based on the individual and his own work ethic, as well as the schooling system itself, not the system by which performance is measured. A change in evaluation can’t necessarily change an individual’s personal outlook. It’s the individual schools and teachers that are responsible for setting a solid grading system. It isn’t the grading system that is at fault here. He also ridicules the grading system for being a â€Å"subjective rating masquerading as an objective evaluation† (Kohn).However, subjectivity is a natural trait in the education system. Every individual teacher has a different way of thinking and different standards. The grading system can at least provide a more universal way to evaluate individual students. Grades also present parents a means of accountability with their student. The author says that bad grades bring about â€Å"unpleasant conversations† between parents and students (Kohn). Still, the same would result with any other system, because parents will alway s have to be informed if their child is performing poorly.I believe traditional grading is still necessary in schools. Without the letter/number grading, there would be no way to track the student’s progress. Even though a bad grade could be daunting, the plain numbers help students in the long run by encouraging hard work and progression. When students achieve a good grade, they have the experience of feeling accomplished. This feeling gives them the objective to do well in school. Good grades give the student a sense of accomplishment contributing to their self-esteem. Higher grades become important and the student becomes motivated.If the incentive of grades is taken away, the student could lose that motivation and even the aspiration to advance (Farzaneh). Grades provide a sense of competitiveness. Healthy competition between peers is necessary to excel in life. The natural feeling of pride over good grades contributes to having competition with classmates or coworkers. S chools with grades allow students to develop their competitive ways early, so they can succeed in the workplace (Adams). Many students depend on their grades to assess themselves and see where they can improve. Grades evaluate their success and help them enhance their performance skills (Farzaneh).Grades are a necessary part of applying to college. Not having grades makes it harder to have colleges consider you, let alone accept you. The admissions faculty has a lot to consider with each student. Generally they only look at GPAs and SAT scores (Adams). Only a select few schools are open to this new no grading idea. This makes it very difficult to get into certain colleges if there are no numbers for them to glance at. Detailed accounts of each student are not a practical way for college admissions to determine if they are the best fit for the student.Furthermore, without the clearly defined standard, colleges could overflow with under qualified students making a college degree less valuable. A traditional grading system benefits the students by helping them be more successful in school and future careers. It offers a worldwide rubric to determine and compare the student’s progress with ease. Receiving good grades in return for hard work provides the student with intellectual knowledge on how to improve and teaches them how to deal with competition and overcome it. Grades affect a student emotionally in many ways, including giving them a sense of self-worth.Also, the absence of grades makes it more difficult to be noticed and accepted by colleges. Traditional grading is necessary as it influences students and motivates them to not only succeed, but to excel in life. Works Cited Adams, Carol. â€Å"The Disadvantages of School Without Academic Grades. †Ã‚  EHow. Demand Media, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Farzaneh, Arash. â€Å"The Disadvantages of School Without Grades. †Ã‚  EHow. Demand Media, 02 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Kohn, A lfie. â€Å"From Degrading to De-Grading. †Ã‚  From Degrading to De-Grading. Alfie Kohn, Mar. 1999. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. .

Ikea Strategic in Action Essay

Part strategic position and strategic choice which mention above are underlining company environment, capability, and its strategy. Strategy in action will consider on how strategy act in organisation (Johnson et al., 2011a).This part of report will evaluate them considering their suitability. Evaluation IKEA strategies regards Suitability Suitability refers to the strategy is used to evaluate whether the strategies address the key ‘opportunities’ and ‘constraints’ underlined by the organisation’s strategic position (Johnson et al., 2008). This criterion can be examined by checking the strategic options against the environment, capabilities and the stakeholder expectations. Therefore, the analysing of PESTEL, Five Forces and strategic capabilities of IKEA in section above will be helpful for evaluating and understanding suitability. It appears that suitability is used to evaluate whether overall rationale of strategy is suitable in terms of environment and capabilities and stakeholder expectations or not. Therefore, this part of report not only evaluates IKEA strategies and capabilities regard in suitability but its successes and difficulties will be analysed. Firstly, from PESTEL analysis, IKEA takes advantage from ‘hybrid’ and ‘cost leadership’ strategy to response to its environment. IKEA’s products are cheap and differentiate; these are good opportunities to survive in economic recession. Additionally, IKEA’s core customers (middle class with moderate disposable income) are affordable to buy products even if in economic recession. Moreover, IKEA capabilities are strong global brand and low cost products with flat packaging which is its core resource and competence. Combining its capabilities and its strategies will benefit IKEA to achieve in environment changed and competitive circumstance. However, the difficulty is about import issue. All IKEA normally sources products from the same places in order to keep it standard. However, in some countries the import taxes are very high. For example in China, the import taxes on products from Poland to China are up to 22% (Burt el al., 2011). However, to stand its low price strategy and survive in China market, IKEA overcome this difficulty by sourcing goods from local country to reduce cost of taxation (Burt el al., 2011). In overall, it can be seen that in these circumstances and environmental change, the strategies IKEA has been used is a good opportunities to overcome those threats and suitable in its environment. Secondly, from Five Forces analysis, IKEA strategies and its capabilities can go along with external environment very well. It is normal that buyers are looking for cheap products but high quality. IKEA strategies are support customer needs. Furthermore, IKEA unique resources such as strong brand combining with its ‘hybrid’ strategy will maintain existing customers and gain more new buyers. In a term of power of supplier, IKEA’s strategies are suitable to supplier expectations. To generate low cost products, IKEA has to reduce cost of sale per unit by purchasing a large volume of material s from supplier. As well as suppliers, they also want to sell their products as much as possible. Moreover, considering in threat of new entry, IKEA strategies and capabilities are difficult for new entrants to compete. These are the reasons why IKEA takes opportunity from its strategies and capabilities among these threats. In addition, in the rivalry situation, it can be assumed that whether other companies offer low cost products but its quality, design, and brand image may not be the same as IKEA. IKEA considers in quality as well as the price. However, in high competitive markets, IKEA may face difficulties. For example in China which local products are normally cheap, IKEA low price strategy may not attract to this market. Giving a suggestion, in order to offer only low cost products, IKEA should build brand image as a high quality brand and offer Swedish-designed product which differentiate in Chinese customer perception. In overall, it appears that IKEA capabilities and its strategies are suitable to compete in the rivalry situation. IKEA generates its strengths and overcome the weaknesses in a suitable way. Thirdly, evaluation of suitability of IKEA strategies and capabilities according to Ansoff analysis of 4 possible development directions will be examined. The suitability will be evaluated whether these options will match to future scenario. The future scenario which matches in a term of economical environment is predicted that the world economy will maintain very weak in 2013 and slightly decrease between 2014 and 2016 (The Guardian, 2012). Apart from evaluation the suitability of IKEA strategies and capability, the suitability will be used to assessment whether IKEA strategic options meet the stakeholder expectations (Johnson et al., 2008). Table 5 Evaluation of suitability – Direction of growth In overall, IKEA strategies and capabilities are suitable in the environment and meet the expectation of stakeholders. Market penetration may be the most appropriate direction that IKEA should carry on at the present time to the future scenario predicted. There is no major investment needed. The IKEA current strategies and its capabilities is now effective under this circumstance. However, there is a difficulty in IKEA’s strategies. IKEA is a global company which generates same strategies almost every market called one-size-fit-all approach (Stern, 2012). Although, one-size-fit-all approach will benefit IKEA to control it global strategies easily, the difficulty will occur. The problem is every market is all difference. The one-size-fits-all approach on all IKEA staff and customers is good to share the same value but for all market is not suitable. The different markets have different circumstance. For example, according to Anders Dahlvig cited in Stern (2012), the differences between countries were great in China and Sweden. China is different territory. Chinese labour policies are poor for IKEA co-worker vision. Chinese workforce depends on the authority of the boss which is difficult to adapt to the more free and easy way of the new employer (Stern, 2012). Moreover, in the future, if IKEA wants to expand their market and make the differentiation, the policy and restriction in some countries may be serious such as in Islamic countries, and the differentiation needs lots of investment and knowledge. IKEA should consider how to stay the low price while a lot of investment is needed.

One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

One Hundred Years of Solitude - Essay Example These occurrences befall all the Buendia family generations, who are unwilling, sometimes unable, to run from these misfortunes that are often self-inflicted. Eventually, the town of Macondo is destroyed by a hurricane, a further highlight on the inherently cyclical turmoil that characterizes Macondo. As the story ends, a descendant of Buendia is able to decipher a cipher that many of Buendia’s descendants had found unable to, foiled by its encryption. The message contained in the cipher reveals all misfortunes, and fortunes, that the Buendia family had lived through over the generations. This paper aims to discuss the various varieties of love, a recurring theme in the novel, with particular emphasis on Amaranta and Jose Arcadia (ІІІ). Love exists in a variety of forms in the novel. However, because this love is born in a society afflicted with solitude, it is rarely happy. Doomed love permeates the novel as seen in the curious and tragic saga of the beautiful Remedies (Fox 49). Any man who strives to pursue her ends up dead. Another form of love is one that breeds animosity and jealousy, especially among siblings. An example of this is the rivalry that exists between Amaranta and Rebecca as they both fall in love with Pietro Crespi, who eventually decides to marry Rebecca leaving Amaranta with a feeling of animosity towards Rebecca. There also exists genuine love in the novel (Fox 50). The two most obvious examples are the love between Meme and Mauricio Babilonia, and Aureliano and Amaranta Ursula. Their love, however, does not end well, with intervention that is unexpected, horrific, and even gratuitous. Simple passion also exists between Aureliano Segundo and his mistress, Petra Cotes. This passion is productiv e as it brings wealth and fertility to the Buendia family (Bloom 99). Love triangles in the novel also exist. Colonel Aureliano and Jose Arcadio (ІІ) are involved in an affair with Pilar Tenera, whose result is two sons by each

Interstate Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interstate Agencies - Essay Example However, is marred with controversy regarding their power position and role legitimacy. It proposes the need to explore the issue and reconcile the power position and legitimacy of the interstate agencies, and clear the air. The constitution provision, in this case, was written in 1787 and ratified in the subsequent year. Since then, the provision regulates the port’s administrative practices. The U.S. constitution is a combination of ideas and views from a significant number of American people and related document such as Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation (Peacock, 2008). Since the ratification of provisions in the constitution in 1787, there had been twenty seven amendments by 1992 (Evartt, 2003). Both groups engage in a debate until a common or general understanding is reached. The following is a verbatim derived from the articles in section 1regarding the establishment of the interstate agencies â€Å"Administrative agencies shall created by the federal Constitution, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures, and local lawmaking bodies to manage crises, redress serious social problems, or oversee complex matters of governmental concern beyond the expertise of legislators. †¦all legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, necessary-and-proper. †¦The Congress shall have power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers †¦ in any Department or Officer thereof." The ratification of the provision can be described as that which was achieved in a constitutional and conventional manner. Furthermore, as can be inferred from the above verbatim of the constitution stipulation, the approach was well set in achieving desirable governance. Indeed, it is arguable that every participating party had the

Health Care Management HA330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health Care Management HA330 - Essay Example Lastly, it discusses the skills needed for leaders in health organizations. In the words of Eric and Steven, Strategy is defined not as an event but as the roots of the structure of an organization (Steven G. Hillestad, 2004). In health organization, strategies which are relevant to the changing work environment are adopted. There are various strategies to choose from. These could be: In the 21st century the future of health organizations is totally dependent on how well they adapt to current changing environment. Because of the rapid growth in population the best approach to strategize health organizations is by improving their internal capabilities and personal performance. A health organization is a service based organization therefore its main strength lies in the quality of its service. The better services they offer the better reputation they command. For this it is important to improve on internal capabilities and performance levels. They should focus on the health organization’s hygiene. Providing the patients with perfect hygiene is very important. The news about infections generated due to unhygienic hospitals has always made it to headlines. Technology has taken over most health organizations today. Thus, it is highly recommended that health organizations are abreast with the latest technology . They are updated with the latest data and the latest equipments for treatment are in place. Technological procedures like MRI, CT scans and other surgeries are expensive. However these procedures should be incorporated as they produce efficient results. Survival today is not only what people look for but the quality of life they are offered along with the opportunity cost (Patrick, 1993). Along with the introduction of technology performance maintenance criteria needs to be practiced. The staff needs to get training sessions to get familiar with the machines before experiencing it on humans. Number of studies carried out in Canada

DQ 1SD and KW DQ2 Responses W10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ 1SD and KW DQ2 Responses W10 - Essay Example I agree with you that the use of leverage is advantageous for the person holding the leverage. Leverage can also be used by individual investors in the stock market to increase their purchasing power through the use of a margin account (Sec, 2009). When companies are able to reduce taxes and depreciation as they use leverage firms gain an advantage that allows them to achieve better operating results. For example two companies have the same pretax income. One firm uses leverage and has interest tax deductions, while the second company does not use leverage. The company that uses leverage will have a higher net income due to lower taxes. As you mentioned in your response leverage is often used by corporations in order to achieve growth. Successful multinational corporations such as McDonald’s and Starbucks would not have been able to achieve their tremendous level of growth and success without the use of leverage. I agree with you that the value of a project is highly dependent on the present value of the cash flows the project is supposed to generate during its

Visual Arts - David Henry Hwang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts - David Henry Hwang - Essay Example M. Butterfly is a persuasive Asian-American playwright, chosen by Hwang because of his familiarity with the pessimistic stereotypes permeating through his work. His text uses sarcasm as a literary instrument by using the extreme cliches that it basically confronted. Though the use of sexuality and change ambiguity, authority reversals in M. Butterfly efficiently illustrates the pessimistic effects of typecasts for sexuality and ethnicity. Through the creation of fiction of the Orient, the basic conflict of the playwright arises from the ultimate cause of the character collapse. Gallimard’s character serves as the main cause of the conflict in the playwright through the reflection of the West’s faulty supreme nature. Character comparison One of the most influential characters in the playwright is Cornelius Hackl. Hackl is a thirty-three years old leading clerk at a shop owned by Horace Vandergelder. In the first scenes of the play, Vandergelder pronounces to Hackl that h e has chosen to promote him to the status of the leading clerk in the shop after thorough deliberation. The declaration that the shop owner had promoted Hackl to the leading clerk previously held his position and made the rest of the store realize that he is in a groove. As a result, he persuades Barnaby to join him for a night of the town in New York. While persuading him, Hackl comes across Irene Molloy in her hat store whilst he is imagining being a well-off trendsetter for a hat and in the process, falls in love with her. To maintain Mrs. Molloy position from discovering that Hackl is a simple clerk, Dolly Levi makes up a prodigal tale regarding him being one of the most sought-out bachelors in New York illustrating that he originates from a well-off family. Dolly Levi also worked Vandergelder's shop because he desires. The moment Mrs. Molloy becomes aware of him afterwards; she persuades that he and Barnaby takes his assistant to a luxurious eatery. Hackl tags along with the ta ke and does not inform her of the real story. This guilt builds up inside him and is detained when he cannot afford to pay the bill until a stranger discovers wallet. His wallet is filled with money and offers it to Hackl presuming that it had fell. A series of the misguided personalities and characters caused Miss Van Huysen to spend majority of the time in the following scenes. Hackl believes that Ambrose Kemper takes the personality of Hackl and eventually reconciles to take hold of their actual personalities and roles in the playwright. When M. Butterfly was initially performed in 1988 in Washington D. C. and then on Broadway analyses were absolutely assorted. Majority of the critics realized that Hwang was a playwright of great talent. Nevertheless, the play has received much praise for the regularly strengthened by several strict criticisms. Positively, frank rich in the New York Times magazine defined M. Butterfly as a visionary work that connects the history and the traditio nal of two entities. At the same time, the play was referred to as the intricate of infinity of Chinese boxes. Hwang contributed to the fact that majority of appreciative that the playwright through the writer’s ambition produced and staged in Broadway. The other character being compared in the playwright is Dolly Levi. Levi is one of the main characters and the one following those who entitled it. She is an inciter who does not mind creating corporate cards that state that she is qualified in handling varicose veins. Her presumed skills enabled her

An Organizational Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Organizational Dilemma - Essay Example This essay seeks to analyze a critical way of handling ethical issues in any organization by using an example from General Motors. The methodology used herein is derived by Trevino and Nelson (2011). Steps of Handling Ethical Issues Now that ethical issues will always appear in a business organization, it is only obvious that every manager has the responsibility of handling the issues sensibly. This means they should be handled in a manner that compromises little but at the same time achieves a great deal for the business. In that light, the eight step model developed by Trevino and Nelson (2011) seeks to ease the task of managers in ensuring that all the key players, who are; the customers, employees, shareholders and the community in which the business operates, are all at a satisfactory level. Step One: Gather the Facts According to Trevino and Nelson, this is quite a critical yet unpredictable part of addressing the ethical issue (2011). At this level, the management is required to collect the points of view of the customers, employees, shareholders and the community. ... Step Two: Define the Ethical Issues This is an analysis of the results obtained in step one. The management interprets the meaning of the facts gathered in relation to the organization. This identifies the genuine issues from the bluffs. For instance, a GM customer who claims that there is no customer help centre in South Africa is considered to be bluffing since there are a number of them. Step Three: Identify the Affected Parties The opinion or complaint of one party could be a whole network that affects more than just that one party. This step enlists all the parties affected by a single issue. For instance, GM was considered to be a key pollutant in 1978 by producing 80 different toxic fumes. This not only affects the community around it but also the employees working in the factory. Step Four: Identify the Consequences These could be considered as either long-term or short-term effects of the particular issue highlighted by the preceding steps (Trevino and Nelson, 2011). This me ans that some effects are felt for a long period of time while others are only felt for a short time. These effects can also be viewed from the perspective of how much damage they cause to the stakeholders. For example, the GM pollution of 1978 was said to cause adverse respiratory complications for the society around it, including school children. With this, the management is charged with the responsibility of providing actions that can solve the situation both in the long term and short term. Step Five: Identify Obligation for each Action Contemplated This means that the management is required to know if any of the actions contemplated in step four is implemented and the implications thereof to

Commercial Property Development in the Central Manhattan Area Essay

Commercial Property Development in the Central Manhattan Area - Essay Example This paper addresses the main drivers for commercial property development in central Manhattan area over the last 6 years. This adopts special reference to the fundamental economy of the USA, as well as the Times Square in Manhattan, which reflects the role of IBIDS in commercial property development. Commercial property in the USA suffered adverse effects from the global economic challenges. Indeed, the stalled economic recovery from the global recession destabilized the USA’s commercial real estate (CRE) recovery (O’Brien, B., Sheth, S., & Mahajan, S 2013, p.1). This has been because of economic stagnation in Europe, huge foreign debts, problems in the world labor force, global economic recession that started in 2012, correlation between USA and Eurozone economic growth, globalization, demeaning liquidity trap, lack of business innovation, and slow growth in emerging economies like China and India. Nevertheless, there are probable measures that reinforced the commerci al properties industry in the US especially in Manhattan. Question 1: Main drivers for commercial property development demand Demand and supply are important factors in all markets. In Manhattan, the demand for commercial property has steadily increased over the past few years. Therefore, new commercial property development in Manhattan has aimed to meet the demand in the market. According to O’Brien, Sheth, & Mahajan (2013), the use of social media, enhancing innovation, cloud computing, and adopting enterprise mobility in the commercial proper

Introduction to Cooking Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Cooking Essay Carbohydrates – Starches and sugars are present in foods in many forms 2 Most Important Changes in Carbohydrates Caused by Heat are: 1. Caramelization – browning of sugars; browning of sauteed veggies and golden colour of breads are sample of Caramelization 2. Gelatinization – when starches absorb water and swell; a major principle in the thickening of sauces and in the production of breads and pastries *ACIDS inhibit gelatinization. A sauce thickened with flour or starch will be thinner if it contains acid. FRUIT VEGETABLE FIBER FIBER – group of complex substances that give structure and firmness to plants. Fiber can’t be digested. See more: how to write an introduction The softening of fruits vegetables in cooking is part of the breaking down of fiber. Sugar makes fiber firmer Baking soda makes fiber softer. Vegetables become mushy and lose vitamins PROTEINS a major component of meats, poultry, fish, eggs milk products consist a long chain of components called amino acids COAGULATION – when the proteins unwind, they become attracted to each other and form bonds the coagulated proteins form a solid network of bonds and become firm most proteins complete coagulation are cooked at 160-186Â °F MAILLARD REACTION – is what happens when meat browns happens only on the dry surface of food. CONNECTIVE TISSUES – special proteins present in meat (separates the meat from the bone) FATS are present in meat, fish, poultry, egg, milk products. Important medium for frying Liquid fats are called OIL When heated, they begin to breakdown When hit enough, they begin to smoke and deteriorate rapidly.

Chromatography Technique for Purification

Chromatography Technique for Purification Introduction Column packing is an integral part of the purification process in the manufacture of biologics. The goal is always to ensure reproducibility with regard to the technique to be used. Manual packing might sometimes involve several attempts to get an optimal packing as this would affect the purification process. The resin to be used in the packing process has to be well defined as it could impact on the flow rate which could lead to a reduced through put. The mobile phase is also important as the rationale behind the choice would be looking for a solvent that can pack the resin more tightly. In any chromatography technique that has to be utilised whether for the need to capture, purify or polish four integral parameters which includes, resolution, speed, capacity and recovery are always considered. Resolution is the most difficult to achieve especially during the polishing stage were impurities can be construed as having similar properties to the product. The efficiency of the column packing thus has a significant role to play on this basis as it is a good measure how consistently the column can perform. 1.1 Material: As per SOP 1.2 Key Instrument Components Bubble Trap BT1 Filter Housing F1 Inlet / Outlet Valves V001 V101 UV Sensor – QIR4 pH Probe – QIR3 Conductivity Meter – QIR2 Drain – V102 Column top and bottom connections – DN Â ¼ 1.3 Preparation of column for packing: As per SOP TRG-DSP-052. 1.4 Determination of % slurry: Procedure was followed as per instruction manual Results: Table 1 Results: Table 2 r=5cm h= 15cm 1.178 Volume of gravity settled resin for packing (Vgs) 1.178 x 1.33 1.56674 Slurry volume needed from container (SVc) (To give you the desired amount of gravity settled resin) (c) Vgs x 100 % slurry in container = 1.55574 X 100/66 % Slurry in container = 66% 2.37384 Adjusting the slurry to the desired % concentration for packing Slurry volume required for packing (SVp) Vgs x 100 % slurry for packing = 1.56674 X 100/ 70 % Slurry for packing = 70% 2.2382 Volume packing buffer to add SVp – SVc = 2.2382- 2.37384 -0.13564 Volume to be added is thus 0.13564 Litre Calculations: Number of theoretical = N Where VR = volume eluted from the start of sample application to the peak maximum = 8CM W h = peak width measured as the width of the recorded peak at half of the peak height = 0.5CM N = 5.54 X Â ² Number of theoretical plates = 1418.24 HETP = L/N Where L = Bed height (cm) As we already know N (1418.24) HETP = 15/ 1418.24 = 0.0105765 Asymmetry factor (AS) = b/a Where a = 1st half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm) b = 2nd half peak width at 10% of peak height (0.5cm) = 0.5/0. = 1 As rule of the thumb a good HETP value should be at least two to three times the average matrix bead size and normally in the range of 0.0018cm to 0.035cm. Looking at our column our HETP value was approximately 0.0106 and our bead has a pore size of about 40 microns which equates to 0.004cm and this is about 3 times our HETP. Our column can thus be confirmed to be within the acceptable range. In the event that our column is not within the acceptable range several factors such as the following can be construed as being responsible. Uneven packing of the column or exceeding the optimal packing flow rate The possibility of channelling in the bed Inadequate CIP can also be a factor as this can result in a build-up of contamination in the column thus impacting on flow and other performance determinants of the column. Cleaning is also important to wash the matrix storage solution which is an unwanted entity during packing. Air entrapment prevalence of air bubbles can also affect the HETP values. The possibility of a void being present at the inlet can also be a contributing factor to the value of HETP not being within specification The choice of resin is also very important as the possibility of the solute reacting with the resin can result in an ambiguous HETP value. Peak asymmetry is an important measure in the determination of column efficiency and in conjunction with the HETP value is always used in the calibration of a new or existing column. The gold standard is the ability to achieve an asymmetry value of 1 although the acceptable range is normally between 0.8 and 1.2. An asymmetry value greater than 1 indicates the prevalence of extensive tailing while an asymmetry value less than 1 indicates extensive fronting. Taking our packed column into consideration, our asymmetry value from the chromatogram was 1 and one would generally thus expect a high efficiency and resolution. However, in the event of our column not being within the acceptable asymmetry value the following reason are the possible causes. Extensive tailing which is characterised by an asymmetry value greater than 1 as mentioned earlier can be a reason. This factor is a result of column being packed too loosely and it can be observed from the chromatogram by the peak tailing gradually. Extensive fronting is also a possible cause and it is characterised by an asymmetry factor less than 1 which is normally as a result of the column being packed tightly and would be noticeable on the chromatogram by the peaks developing slowly. Possible causes of resin/column deterioration and their remedies Temperature the resins have a temperature range that is normally specified by the manufacturers and a usually high temperature can cause irreversible damage due to loss of functional groups. It is thus important that operation should always within the optimal ranges and bearing in mind the fact that temperature maxima is only for indication. Oxidation – The functional groups are also attached by oxidation and on this basis one has to ensure that oxidants such as hydrochloric acid , nitric acid are not utilised in the cleaning regime as they can accelerate oxidation which damages the polymer crosslink Fouling apart from impacting on performance of the column can also cause irreversible damage to the resin. Fouling can result due to the presence of iron and silica for this reason special attention has to be paid to the type of resin to be used as prevention they say is better than cure. Drying out and cracking of the resin is also an important reason for column deterioration and this can be remedied by ensuring that the column is well equilibrated. High pressure -The build-up can also cause damage to the resin/column and it could be as a result of flow path restriction due to dirty or worn bed support. Manufacturer’s specification should always be adhered to in ensuring an optimal usage of the resin. The life span of the resin/column should also be taken into account and usage should always be as specified by the manufacturer. Harsh elution is another factor that is responsible for irreversible damages to resin/column. Every resin has a pH range that is optimal and this should be adhered to strictly. Conclusion: The practical experience was so interesting and brought the protein purification lectures received into perspective. A better understanding of the process was developed and the practical knowledge is quite adaptive to the day to day operation in a typical Biopharmaceutical plant.